立即開始

指標和策略

Market Structure (BOS on Break, HH/HL/LH/LL)Market Structure (BOS on Break, HH/HL/LH/LL) is a clean and reactive market structure tool designed for traders who want clear visual feedback of trend direction and structure changes. It automatically identifies: Higher Highs (HH) Higher Lows (HL) Lower Highs (LH) Lower Lows (LL) Breaks of Structure (BOS) when price breaches previous swing levels. ✳️ Features Automatic Structure Detection: Detects swing highs/lows based on your left/right pivot settings. Break of Structure Alerts: Instantly updates bias when price breaks a previous swing level (no delay). Real-Time BOS Response: Structure flips as soon as price takes out the previous high or low. Color-Coded Bars: Bars can auto-paint white for bullish and black for bearish conditions. Optional Fading Dots: Visual fading dots track trend duration and strength for quick bias reading. Customizable Pivots: Choose how many bars to use for left/right swing confirmation. Alerts: Fully configured for HH, HL, LH, LL, BOS Up, and BOS Down events. ⚙️ Inputs Left Pivot Bars / Right Pivot Bars: Control how many candles define a valid swing point. Paint Bars by Trend: Toggle bar coloring to match bullish or bearish bias. Show Fading Trend Dots: Add fading dots that shrink and fade as a trend matures. 🔔 Alerts Break of Structure Up / Down Higher High (HH) confirmed Higher Low (HL) confirmed Lower High (LH) confirmed Lower Low (LL) confirmed 🎯 Use Case Perfect for: Price action traders Smart money concept (SMC) practitioners Trend structure analysts Scalpers and swing traders looking for quick structure flips. 🧠 Notes Works on any timeframe and any instrument. BOS signals update immediately when price breaks structure (no lag). For additional BOS markers, you can uncomment the last few lines in the script to show arrows when structure breaks.
Pine Script®指標
由Bmaloney提供
KCP Support & Resistance [Dr.K.C.PRAKASH]ChatGPT said: This indicator “KCP Support & Resistance ” (Pine Script v5) is a multi-featured support & resistance tool that combines pivots, slope-based channels, Fibonacci options, and SMA200 trend reference. 🔎 Core Concept The script identifies pivot highs and lows and uses them to draw support and resistance levels on the chart. It allows you to visualize them in two ways: Horizontal lines (flat support/resistance at pivot values). Parallel slope-based lines (trend-adjusted, drawn with slope factor). ⚙️ Settings & Options Theme useDark: Switches to a dark-color palette with bright neon-style lines for better visibility on dark charts. Basic Settings length: Pivot length (bars used to detect swing high/low). lookback: How many past pivot points to use for plotting lines. Slope: Multiplier applied to slope calculations (for slanted trendline-style S/R). Extend Horizontal Lines Left?: Option to extend horizontal lines to both sides. Extend Parallel Lines Left?: Same for slope-based lines. Show/Hide Controls Show Parallel Lines?: Toggle diagonal support/resistance. Show Horizontal Lines?: Toggle flat levels. Show SMA 200 Line?: Toggle long-term SMA(200) reference. Hide Fibonacci Lines? / Show Fib Trend Line? / Show All Fibonacci Lines?: (reserved for Fib functionality). Line Colors Customizable line colors for parallel & horizontal high/low lines. If Dark Theme is enabled → Uses preset colors: Electric Blue (Resistance - Parallel Highs) Neon Green (Support - Parallel Lows) Deep Red/Pink (Horizontal Highs) Warm Yellow (Horizontal Lows) 📐 Logic & Calculations Pivot Detection Uses ta.pivothigh & ta.pivotlow with length to mark swing points. Stores them in arrays for drawing multiple levels. Slope Calculation Uses covariance/variance of price vs. time (bar_index) to estimate slope. Multiplied by Slope factor. Makes trend-following parallel support/resistance lines possible. Line Drawing Parallel lines: Slanted, based on pivot highs/lows + slope. Horizontal lines: Flat support & resistance levels extended across the chart. SMA200 Plot Plots SMA(200) for long-term trend direction. Colored white if EMA(200) > SMA(200), else yellow (trend bias visual). 📊 What You See on Chart Support & Resistance drawn dynamically from pivots. Choice of horizontal (classic S/R) or sloped (trend-following) lines. Dark theme colors → Electric blue, neon green, deep pink, warm yellow (if enabled). SMA200 reference line → Helps identify bullish/bearish long-term bias. Optional Fibonacci lines (future expansion).
Pine Script®指標
由prakash1126提供
Nithin Liquidity Sweep//@version=6 indicator("Liquidity Sweep Finder", overlay=true, max_labels_count=500) // Input settings lookback = input.int(10, "Lookback Bars for High/Low", minval=2) showHighSweep = input.bool(true, "Show High Sweeps") showLowSweep = input.bool(true, "Show Low Sweeps") // Identify recent swing high/low recentHigh = ta.highest(high, lookback) recentLow = ta.lowest(low, lookback) // Sweep conditions highSweep = showHighSweep and high > recentHigh and close < recentHigh lowSweep = showLowSweep and low < recentLow and close > recentLow // Plot signals plotshape(highSweep, title="High Liquidity Sweep", style=shape.labeldown, text="Sweep ⬇", location=location.abovebar, color=color.red, size=size.tiny) plotshape(lowSweep, title="Low Liquidity Sweep", style=shape.labelup, text="Sweep ⬆", location=location.belowbar, color=color.green, size=size.tiny) // Highlight background when sweep occurs bgcolor(highSweep ? color.new(color.red, 85) : na) bgcolor(lowSweep ? color.new(color.green, 85) : na)
Pine Script®指標
由Nithin_Elishetty提供
CVD Pro – Smart Overlay + Signals (with Persist Mode)What this Indicator Does CVD Pro visualizes Cumulative Volume Delta (CVD) data directly on your main price chart — helping you detect real buying vs. selling pressure in real time. Unlike most CVD scripts that run in a separate subwindow, this one overlays price-mapped CVD curves on the candles themselves for better confluence with market structure and FVG zones. The script dynamically scales normalized CVD values to the price range and uses adaptive smoothing and deviation bands to highlight shifts in trader behavior. It also includes automatic bullish/bearish crossover signals, displayed as on-chart labels. ⚙️ Main Features ✅ Price-mapped CVD Overlay CVD is normalized (Z-score) and projected onto the price chart for easy visual correlation with price structure. ✅ Multi-Timeframe Presets Three sensitivity presets optimized for different chart environments: Strict (4H) → Best for macro trends and high-timeframe structure. Balanced (1H / 30m) → Great for active swing setups. Sensitive (15m) → Captures short-term intraday reversals. ✅ Dynamic Bands & Smoothing Deviation bands visualize statistical extremes in delta pressure — helping to identify exhaustion and divergence points. ✅ Smart Buy/Sell Signal Logic Automatic label triggers when the CVD Overlay crosses its smoothed baseline: 🟢 BULL LONG → Rising CVD above the mean (buyers in control). 🔴 BEAR SHORT → Falling CVD below the mean (sellers in control). ✅ Persist Mode Toggle to keep the last signal visible until a new one forms — ideal for traders who prefer clean chart annotations without noise. ✅ Clean, Minimal Overlay Everything happens directly on your chart — no extra windows, no clutter. Designed for use with Smart Money Concepts, Fair Value Gaps (FVGs), or volume imbalance setups. 🧩 Use Case CVD Pro is designed for traders who: Use Smart Money Concepts (SMC) or ICT-style trading Watch for FVG reactions, breaker blocks, and liquidity sweeps Need to confirm order flow direction or momentum strength Trade intraday or swing setups with precision entries and clear bias confirmation ⚡ Recommended Settings 4H / 1H: Use Strict mode for major structure and confirmation. 1H / 30m: Balanced mode for clear mid-term trend alignment. 15m: Sensitive mode to catch scalps and lower-TF shifts. 🧠 Pro Tips Combine with RSI or Market Structure Breaks (MSS) for additional confluence. A strong CVD divergence near a key FVG or 0.5–0.705 Fibonacci zone often signals reversal. Persistent CVD crossover + price structure break = high-probability entry. 🧩 Credits Created by Patrick S. ("Nova Labs") Concept inspired by professional order-flow analytics and adaptive Z-Score normalization. Would you like me to write a shorter “public summary” paragraph (for the short description at the top of TradingView, the one-liner users see before expanding)? It’s usually a 2–3 sentence hook like: “Overlay-based CVD indicator that merges volume delta with price structure. Detect true buying/selling pressure using adaptive normalization, deviation bands, and clean bullish/bearish crossover signals.”
Pine Script®指標
由ironman15_37提供
Aggression Bulbs v3.1 (Sessions + Bias, fixed)EYLONAggression Bulbs v3.2 (Sessions + Bias + Volume Surge) This indicator highlights aggressive buy and sell activity during the London and New York sessions, using volume spikes and candle body dominance to detect institutional momentum. ⚙️ Main Logic Compares each candle’s volume vs average volume (Volume Surge). Checks body size vs full candle range to detect strong directional moves. Uses an EMA bias filter to align signals with the current trend. Displays green bubbles for aggressive buyers and red bubbles for aggressive sellers. 🕐 Sessions London: 08:00–12:59 UTC+1 New York: 14:00–18:59 UTC+1 (Backgrounds: Yellow = London, Orange = New York) 📊 How to Read 🟢 Green bubble below bar → Aggressive BUY candle (strong demand). 🔴 Red bubble above bar → Aggressive SELL candle (strong supply). Bubble size = relative strength (volume × candle dominance). Use in confluence with key POI zones, volume profile, or delta clusters. ⚠️ Tips Use on 1m–15m charts for scalping or intraday analysis. Combine with your session bias or FVG zones for higher accuracy. Set alerts when score ≥ threshold to catch early momentum.
Pine Script®指標
由EylonSherf提供
NS ND - EVR - Daily Bias - TRFxVolume & Price Action Signals What It Does Combines three proven trading methodologies: Effort vs Result (EVR), No Supply/No Demand (NS/ND), and Daily Bias tracking for intraday traders. Features Effort vs Result (EVR) - **Bullish**: Green triangle below bar when price sweeps previous low with high volume and significant wick - **Bearish**: Red triangle above bar when price sweeps previous high with high volume and significant wick - Identifies potential reversals where volume doesn't match price movement No Supply / No Demand (NS/ND) - **No Demand (Red dot)**: Up-candle with declining volume - buyers weakening - **No Supply (Green dot)**: Down-candle with declining volume - sellers weakening - Grey dots = unconfirmed, colored dots = confirmed within lookahead period - Based on Volume Spread Analysis (VSA) principles Daily Bias Label Top-right corner shows market direction: - **BULLISH ↑** - Closed above Previous Day High - **BEARISH ↓** - Closed below Previous Day Low - **BULLISH/BEARISH REV** - Swept level but closed back inside - **RANGE ↔** - Trading between PDH/PDL ## Settings - **EVR**: Toggle on/off, volume multiplier, wick %, inside bars, transparency - **NS/ND**: Toggle on/off, lookahead bars (default: 10) - **Daily Bias**: Toggle label display ## Best For ✓ Intraday trading (1m-1h timeframes) ✓ Reversal setups ✓ Volume analysis ✓ Confluence trading (all signals align) How to Use 1. Enable components you want (all can be toggled independently) 2. Trade EVR signals in direction of Daily Bias 3. Look for NS/ND confirmation at key levels 4. Wait for colored dots (confirmed signals) over grey (unconfirmed) **Note**: Works on intraday timeframes only. NS/ND signals may repaint during confirmation period.
Pine Script®指標
由MALIK897提供
DCC Sessions Pro — fixed sessionsDCC Sessions Pro automatically highlights the three main market sessions directly on your candles for a clean and professional chart view. • Asia (purple): 01:00 – 08:00 • London (blue): 08:00 – 15:30 • US (orange): 15:30 – 23:00 Weekends are automatically excluded so you only see relevant price action. Perfect for intraday traders who want to track session behavior, volume shifts, and liquidity timing without overlapping colors or messy backgrounds.
Pine Script®指標
由JustinJoshua提供
3/4-Bar GRG / RGR Pattern (Conditional 4th Candle)This indicator can be used to identify the Green-Red-Green or Red-Green-Red pattern. It is a price action indicator where a price action which identifies the defeat of buyers and sellers. If the buyers comprehensively defeat the sellers then the price moves up and if the sellers defeat the buyers then the price moves down. In my trading experience this is what defines the price movement. It is a 3 or 4 candle pattern, beyond that i.e, 5 or more candles could mean a very sideways market and unnecessary signal generation. How does it work? Upside/Green signal Say candle 1 is Green, which means buyers stepped in, then candle 2 is Red or a Doji, that means sellers brought the price down. Then if candle 3 is forming to be Green and breaks the closing of the 1st candle and opening of the 2nd candle, then a green arrow will appear and that is the place where you want to take your trade. Here the buyers defeated the sellers. Sometimes candle 3 falls short but candle 4 breaks candle 1's closing and candle 2's opening price. We can enter on candle 4. Important - We need to enter the trade as soon as the price moves above the candle 1 and 2's body and should not wait for the 3rd or 4th candle to close. Ignore wicks. I have restricted it to 4 candles and that is all that is needed. More than that is a longer sideways market. I call it the +-+ or GRG pattern. Stop loss can be candle 2's mid for safe traders (that includes me) or candle 2's body low for risky traders. Back testing suggests that body low will be useless and result in more points in loss because for the bigger move this point will not be touched, so why not get out faster. Downside/Red signal Say candle 1 is Red, which means sellers stepped in, then candle 2 is Green or a Doji, that means buyers took the price up. Then if candle 3 is forming to be Red and breaks the closing of the 1st candle and opening of the 2nd candle then a Red arrow will appear and that is the place where you want to take your trade. Sometimes candle 3 falls short but candle 4 breaks candle 1's closing and candle 2's opening price. We can enter on candle 4. We need to enter the trade as soon as the price moves below the candle 1 and 2's body and should not wait for the 3rd or 4th candle to close. I have restricted it to 4 candles and that is all that is needed. More than that is a longer sideways market. I call it the -+- or RGR pattern. Stop loss can be candle 2's mid for safe traders ( that includes me) or candle 2's body high for risky traders. Back testing suggests that body high will be useless and result in more points in loss because for the bigger move this point will not be touched, so why not get out faster. Important Settings You can enable or disable the 4th candle signal to avoid the noise, but at times I have noticed that the 4th candle gives a very strong signal or I can say that the strong signal falls on the 4th candle. This is mostly a coincidence. You can also configure how many previous bars should the signal be generated for. 10 to 30 is good enough. To backtest increase it to 2000 or 5000 for example. Rest are self explanatory. Pointers If after taking the trade, the next candle moves in your direction and closes strong bullish or bearish, then move SL to break even and after that you can trail it. If a upside trade hits SL and immediately a down side trade signal is generated on the next candle then take it. Vice versa is true. Trades need to be taken on previous 2 candle's body high or low combined and not the wicks. The most losses a trader takes is on a sideways day and because in our strategy the stop loss is so small that even on a sideways day we'll get out with a little profit or worst break even. Hold targets for longer targets and don't panic. If last 3-4 days have been sideways then there is a good probability that day will be trending so we can hold our trade for longer targets. Target to hold the trade for whole day and not exit till the day closes. In general avoid trading in the middle of the day for index and stocks. Divide the day into 3 parts and avoid the middle. Use Support/Resistance, 10, 20, 50, 200 EMA/SMA, Gaps, Whole/Round numbers(very imp) for identifying targets. Trail your SL. For indexes I would use 5 min and 15 min timeframe. For commodities and crypto we can use higher timeframe as well. Look for signals during volatile time durations and avoid trading the whole day. Signal usually gives good targets on those times. If a GRG or RGR pattern appears on a daily timeframe then this is our time to go big. Minimum Risk to Reward should be 1:2 and for longer targets can be 1:4 to 1:10. Trade with small lot size. Money management will happen automatically. With small lot size and correct Risk-Re ward we can be very profitable. Don't trade with big lot size. Stay in the market for longer and collect points not money. Very imp - Watch market and learn to generate a market view. Very imp - Only 4 candles are needed in trading - strong bullish, strong bearish, hammer, inverse hammer and doji. Go big on bearish days for option traders. Puts are better bought and Calls are better sold. Cluster of green signals can lead to bigger move on the upside and vice versa for red signals. Most of this is what I learned from successful traders (from the top 2%) only the indicator is mine.
Pine Script®指標
由pranayjha提供
2
Alt buy signal 1H Entry + 4H Confirm (MACD + Stoch RSI + HMA)This indicator is a multi-timeframe (MTF) analysis tool designed for the ALT trading , capturing entry signals on the 1-hour (1H) timeframe and confirming trends on the 4-hour (4H) timeframe. It combines MACD, Stoch RSI, and Hull Moving Average (HMA) to identify precise buy opportunities, particularly at reversal points after a downtrend or during trend shifts. It visually marks both past and current BUY signals for easy reference. Key Features: 1H Entry Signal (Early Ping): Triggers on a MACD golden cross (below 0) combined with a Stoch RSI oversold cross (below 20), offering an initial buy opportunity. 4H Trend Confirmation (Entry Ready): Validates the trend with a 4H MACD histogram rising (in negative territory) or a golden cross, plus a Stoch RSI turn-up (above 30). Past BUY Display: Labels past data points where these conditions were met as "1H BUY" or "FULL BUY," facilitating backtesting. HMA Filter: Optional HMA(16) to confirm price breakouts, enhancing trend validation. Purpose: Ideal for short-term scalping and swing trading. Supports a two-step strategy: initial partial entry on 1H signals, followed by additional entry on 4H confirmation. Usage Instructions Installation: Add the indicator to an IMX/USDT 1H chart on TradingView. Signal Interpretation: lime "1H BUY": 1H conditions met, consider initial entry (stop-loss: 3-5% below recent low). green "FULL BUY": 1H+4H conditions met, confirm trend for additional entry (take-profit: 10% below recent swing high). Customization: Adjust TF (1H/4H), MACD/Stoch RSI parameters, and HMA usage via the input settings. Alert Setup: Enable alerts for "ENTRY READY" (1H+4H) or "EARLY PING" (1H only) conditions. Advantages Accuracy: Reduces false signals by combining MACD golden cross below 0 with Stoch RSI oversold conditions. Dual Confirmation: 1H for quick timing and 4H for trend validation, improving risk management. Visualization: Past BUY points enable easy backtesting and pattern recognition. Flexibility: 4H confirmation mode adjustable (histogram rise or golden cross). Limitations Timeframe Dependency: Optimized for 1H charts; may not work on other timeframes. Market Conditions: Potential whipsaws in sideways markets; additional filters (e.g., RSI > 50) recommended. Manual Management: Stop-loss and take-profit require user discretion.
Pine Script®指標
由coinmong提供
TTM Squeeze Screener [Pineify]TTM Squeeze Screener for Multiple Crypto Assets and Timeframes This advanced TradingView Pine script, TTM Squeeze Screener, helps traders scan multiple crypto symbols and timeframes simultaneously, unlocking new dimensions in momentum and volatility analysis. Key Features Screen up to 8 crypto symbols across 4 different timeframes in one pane TTM Squeeze indicator detects volatility contraction and expansion (“squeeze”) phases Momentum filter reveals potential breakout direction and strength Visual screener table for intuitive multi-asset monitoring Fully customizable for symbols and timeframes How It Works The heart of this screener is the TTM Squeeze algorithm—a hybrid volatility and momentum indicator leveraging Bollinger Bands, Keltner Channels, and linear momentum analysis. The script checks whether Bollinger Bands are “squeezed” inside Keltner Channels, flagging periods of low volatility primed for expansion. Once a squeeze is released, the included momentum calculation suggests the likely breakout direction. For each selected symbol and timeframe, the screener runs the TTM Squeeze logic, outputs “SQUEEZE” or “NO SQZ”, and tags momentum values. A table layout organizes the results, allowing rapid pattern recognition across symbols. Trading Ideas and Insights Spot multi-symbol volatility clusters—ideal for finding synchronized market moves Assess breakout potential and direction before entering trades Scalping and swing trading decisions are enhanced by cross-timeframe momentum filtering Portfolio managers can quickly identify which assets are about to move How Multiple Indicators Work Together This screener unites three essential concepts: Bollinger Bands : Measure volatility using standard deviation of price Keltner Channels : Define expected price range based on average true range (ATR) Momentum : Linear regression calculation to evaluate the direction and intensity after a squeeze By combining these, the indicator not only signals when volatility compresses and releases, but also adds directional context—filtering false signals and helping traders time entries and exits more precisely. Unique Aspects Multi-symbol, multi-timeframe architecture—optimized for crypto traders and market scanners Advanced table visualization—see all signals at a glance, minimizing cognitive overload Modular calculation functions—easy to adapt and extend for other asset classes or strategies Real-time, low-latency screening—built for actionable alerts on fast-moving markets How to Use Add the script to a TradingView chart (works on custom layouts) Select up to 8 symbols and 4 timeframes using input fields (defaults to BTCUSD, ETHUSD, etc.) Monitor the screener table; “SQUEEZE” highlights assets in potential breakout phase Use momentum values to judge if the squeeze is likely bullish or bearish Combine screener insights with manual chart analysis for optimal results Customization Symbols: Easily set any ticker for deep market scanning Timeframes: Adjust to match your trading horizon (scalping, swing, long-term) Indicator parameters: Refine Bollinger/Keltner/Momentum settings for sensitivity Visuals: Personalize table layout, color codes, and formatting for clarity Conclusion In summary, the TTM Squeeze Screener is a robust, original TradingView indicator designed for crypto traders who demand a sophisticated multi-symbol, multi-timeframe edge. Its combination of volatility and momentum analytics makes it ideal for catching explosive breakouts, managing risk, and scanning the market efficiently. Whether you’re a scalper or swing trader, this screener provides the insights needed to stay ahead of the curve.
Pine Script®指標
由Pineify提供
3
VERITAS originale## **The Fundamental Characteristics of Moving Averages: Theoretical Principles and Strategic Applications** ### **The Non-Parallelism Principle: Mathematical Foundation** The first fundamental principle governing moving averages establishes that **any moving average can never be parallel to its linear regression**. This is not coincidental or anomalous, but a direct consequence of the mathematical nature of moving averages. **Theoretical explanation:** A moving average is a low-pass filter that removes high-frequency components from price data, while a linear regression represents the optimal linear trend over the considered period. Since the moving average maintains trace of oscillations around the trend (albeit attenuated), while the regression completely eliminates these oscillations to provide only the general direction, the two curves can never be identical or parallel. **Crucial implication:** This characteristic certifies that **moving averages always have a curvilinear pattern** relative to their regression. The curvature is not an imperfection in the calculation, but the manifestation of the intrinsic dynamics of market data filtered through the moving average. ### **System Energy: Derivation from Curvature** It is precisely this curvilinear characteristic that allows us to determine fundamental parameters such as **system energy**. **Physical basis:** In physics, the potential energy of a curvilinear system is proportional to the deviation from the equilibrium trajectory (represented by the linear regression). In our context: - **Potential energy** = Distance between moving average and its regression - **Kinetic energy** = Speed of approach or separation between the two curves - **Total system energy** = Sum of potential and kinetic energy **Practical application:** When the moving average moves away from its regression, it accumulates potential energy that must be released. When it approaches rapidly, it manifests kinetic energy that can lead to overshooting the equilibrium point. ### **The Hierarchical Rolling Principle** The second fundamental principle establishes that **curves roll around each other starting from longer periods toward shorter ones**. This phenomenon has deep roots in dynamical systems theory. **Theoretical explanation:** Moving averages with longer periods have greater inertia and resistance to change (analogous to mass in physics). When a trend change occurs, it propagates first in long-period averages (which represent the dominant forces of the system), then progressively diffuses toward shorter-period averages. **Propagation mechanism:** 1. **Macro level** (long averages): Change in direction of principal forces 2. **Medium level** (intermediate averages): Signal transmission 3. **Micro level** (short averages): Final manifestation of the change ### **Derived Strategic Formations** This hierarchical rolling allows us to identify **important formations** for the strategy: **Rolling Confluence:** When multiple averages of different periods simultaneously begin the rolling process, a high-probability reversal zone is created. **Alignment Cascade:** The temporal sequence with which averages roll provides information about the strength and persistence of the imminent movement. **Dynamic Resistance Zones:** Points where rolling encounters resistance indicate critical levels where opposing forces temporarily balance. ### **Strategic Implications** These theoretical principles translate into concrete operational advantages: 1. **Energy predictability:** We can quantify the energy accumulated in the system and predict the strength of future movements 2. **Entry timing:** Hierarchical rolling provides a temporal sequence to optimize entry points 3. **Risk management:** Understanding system energy allows proper position sizing The combination of these two principles - non-parallelism and hierarchical rolling - transforms moving averages from simple trend indicators into sophisticated tools for energetic and dynamic analysis of financial markets.
Pine Script®指標
由Ninocaprini提供
1